优化施肥对滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应特性的影响

通过2年大田试验,研究优化施肥对东营滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应能力的影响。设不施肥、农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥4个处理。结果表明:与农民传统施肥对比,优化施肥及优化施肥+有机肥处理有效提高了棉花产量、肥料农学利用率、偏生产力;施肥改变了土壤盐基离子组成,农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥处理Na+及Cl-所占比分别减少2.29%,3.45%,6.15%,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO_2-4有不同程度的提高;优化施肥+有机肥处理能明显提高土壤微生物和酶活性,其中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性分别比传统施肥和优化施肥高7.8%~17.0%和5.0%~13.3%;施肥提高了土壤速效养分,优化施肥+有机肥处理速效P和速效K含量总体处于较高水平,而N0-3-N、NH+4-N含量总体表现为传统施肥优化施肥+有机肥优化施肥不施肥,这说明优化施肥能有效降低土壤NO-3-N、NH+4-N含量,进而NO-3-N、NH+4-N的流失风险也随之减小。采用N、K肥基施+蕾期花期2次追施的优化施肥处理,不仅减少了肥料用量,而且提高了产量,配合施用有机肥增产效果更为显著。     

Evaluating a multi-level subsurface drainage system for improved drainage water quality

This paper describes a multi-level drainage system, designed to improve drainage water quality. Results are presented from a field scale land reclamation experiment implemented in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales, Australia. A traditional single level drainage system and a multi-level drainage system were compared in the experiment in an irrigated field setting. The single level drainage system consisted of 1.8 m deep drains at 20 m spacing. This configuration is typical of subsurface drainage system design used in the area. The multi-level drainage system consisted of shallow closely spaced drains (3.3 m spacing at 0.75 m depth) underlain by deeper widely spaced drains (20 m spacing at 1.8 m depth). Data on drainage flows and salinity, water table regime and soil salinity were collected over a 2-year period.     

Supplemental saline drip irrigation applied at different growth stages of two bell pepper cultivars grown with or without mulch in non-saline soil

The effect of supplemental saline (2.5 dS m⁻¹) drip irrigation and black polyethylene mulch on two cultivars of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) was investigated under field conditions using a randomized complete block design with split-split plot restriction. The research included six irrigation treatments (main plots): (i) non-saline irrigation control applied throughout growth (None), (ii) saline irrigation from transplanting until formation of the first fruit set (S1S2), (iii) saline irrigation from transplanting until appearance of the first flower and from first harvest to final harvest (S1S4), (iv) saline irrigation from appearance of the first flower to first harvest (S2S3), (v) saline irrigation from fruit set to final harvest (S3S4), and (vi) saline irrigation throughout growth (All); two mulch treatments (subplots): (i) black mulch and (ii) bare soil; and two bell pepper cultivars (sub-subplots): (i) Early Sunsation and (ii) Red Knight. Production of fully ripened fruits was higher in mulched plants regardless of saline irrigation treatments. In humid areas with non-saline soil, supplemental saline drip irrigation could be used with black polyethylene mulch to save water while maintaining fruit production.     

紫花苜蓿对盐渍化土地理化性质的影响

在临泽小泉子滩盐渍化土地,种植苜蓿Medicago sativa 2～6年后,土壤盐分、土壤容重及孔隙度、土壤机械组成都发生了显著的变化.0～30 cm土层全盐量从1.86%下降至1.19%,盐分下降36.18%.SO42-和Cl-分别下降19.1%,86.37%;Mg2 ,K Na 分别下降68.22%,81.30%;Ca2 ,HCO3-和pH值无明显的变化.0～20 cm土层中土壤容重平均下降12.69%,孔隙度平均增加13.02%.可见苜蓿对盐渍化土壤的改良效果显著.     

干旱区盐渍化沙地梨的定植技术初探

该研究，探讨了干旱区盐渍化沙地上，苗木类型，定植方式，生存环境地梨树定植成活率的影响。杜梨苗经耐盐性锻炼后再定植于土壤含量盐量≥０．５５％的沙地上，其成活率可达８８．３％－９３．０％，定植的平均有效成本降低１６．４０元／６６６．７ｍ＾２。杜梨苗直接定植比植梨砧木成品苗的成活率高１７．０％，沟植的树行内土壤全盐量比穴植的低０．６２％，二者苗木成活率差异明显。梨园行间种植甜菜的苹果梨年生长量为行间土地     

Use of saline aquaculture wastewater to irrigate salt-tolerant Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower in semiarid coastal zones of China

In 2004 and 2005, the feasibility of agricultural use of saline aquaculture wastewater for irrigation of Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower was conducted in the Laizhou region using saline aquaculture wastewater mixed with brackish groundwater at different ratios. Six treatments with different electrical conductivities (EC) were included in the experiment: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigation with freshwater, EC of 0.02 dS m⁻¹), and saline aquaculture wastewater (EC of 39.2 dS m⁻¹) mixed with brackish groundwater (EC of 4.4 dS m⁻¹) at volumetric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 with corresponding EC of 22.0, 16.1, 13.2, and 11.4 dS m⁻¹. Soil electrical conductivity (ECe) in the saline aquaculture wastewater irrigation treatments was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that in the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments, and the maximum value occurred in the 22.0 dS m⁻¹ treatment. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 4.1 to 11.7 mmol^1/2 L^−1/2 and increased with decreasing salinity of irrigation water. The biomass of Jerusalem artichoke significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) when irrigated with saline aquaculture wastewater compared to the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments; however, the effect of salinity on root biomass was much smaller than the aerial parts. Concomitantly, the highest tuber yield of Jerusalem artichoke occurred in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment, while the highest seed yield of sunflower occurred in the rainfed treatment. Additionally, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of Jerusalem artichoke were significantly higher in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment than the other treatments. This study demonstrated that properly diluted saline aquaculture wastewater can be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher economic yield and nutrient removal, but not sunflower due to the difference in salt tolerance.     

盐土农业及研究进展

综述了盐土农业新理念的产生、定义、特点及其国内外研究进展。     

引进美国玉米自交系在我国的耐旱适应性分析

对210份引进美国解密玉米自交系在正常灌溉和干旱胁迫两种水分处理下进行耐旱适应性分析。通过对美国自交系和国内主要自交系耐旱相关农艺性状调查发现,在两种水分处理下,美国自交系产量略高于国内自交系,其中,行粒数是造成产量差异的主要因素。从育种角度来看,虽然美国自交系株高高于国内自交系,但其穗位高明显低于国内自交系,有利于培育品种的抗倒性。利用耐旱选择系数对自交系耐旱性进行评价,从美国自交系选出LH149、PHBA6、S8326等26份极强耐旱性自交系,耐旱性超过国内自交系豫12和齐319等。     

盐渍化地区刺槐、新疆杨和柽柳林中AM真菌特性及其影响因子

为研究生境异质性对AM真菌的影响,以内蒙古磴口、宁夏平罗和甘肃敦煌盐渍化地区中刺槐、新疆杨和柽柳为对象,分析不同树种林地土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、根内AM真菌侵染状况及根际球囊霉素质量分数、AM真菌的菌丝密度和孢子密度,确定生境(如树种、土壤因子及气候条件)与AM真菌特性间的关系。方差分析结果表明,树种和样区位置对AM真菌的总侵染率、菌丝侵染率、丛枝侵染率、孢子密度、菌丝密度、总球囊霉素质量分数、土壤理化性质和酶活性均具有显著影响;变差分析结果表明土壤因子对AM真菌特性的影响最大,且其影响与树种和气候条件有关;相关分析进一步表明土壤因子及气候条件主要影响刺槐根际AM真菌的菌丝密度和孢子密度、柽柳根际的菌丝密度、新疆杨根内的丛枝侵染率、菌丝侵染率及其根际的孢子密度。以上结果表明,盐渍化地区AM真菌特性具有生境异质性,且其异质性主要由土壤因子的变化所致,而树种和气候条件对AM真菌特性的影响均相对较小。     

不同白榆家系苗期耐盐碱综合评价

为筛选耐盐碱白榆家系,以2批白榆家系苗木为材料,分析了有效的耐盐碱评价指标和指标问的相关性,用主成分分析对家系耐盐碱性做了分类.结果表明:检测指标间多存在显著相关;基于苗木有效指标平均值和最高质量浓度胁迫值的主成分分析,分别需提取2和3个主成分,说明以平均值统计,指标间的关联更紧密;以平均值和最高质量浓度胁迫值统计,白...